It is such a desirable commodity that textiles in a linenweave texture, even when made of nettles, hemp, jute, kenaf, bamboo and other nonflax fibers are also often loosely referred to. The fibres produced from kenaf using chemical retting processes are much cleaner but low in tensile strength. Pdf bast fibres are defined as those obtained from the outer cell layers of the stems of various plants. Flax fiber is extracted from the bast or skin of the stem of the flax plant. Use of the ofda for determining the fineness distribution of bast fibres like flax or hemp for processing flax or hemp fibres the properties of the raw material like the fineness have to be known. Bast and other plant fibres by r r franck overdrive. They are grouped in bundles, each with 10 to 30 fiber cells in the crosssection, giving totally around 600 fiber cells on the stem crosssection figure 4. Bast and other plant fibres, a title in woodhead publishings series on fibres published in association with the textile institute, uk, is the first book in over 50 years to cover the most interesting plant fibres and those with high annual production. Further, it was found that the density of canola fiber is much lower than that of cotton and other competitive bast fibers, owing to its hollow structure, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Since the valuable fibres are located in the phloem, they must often be separated from the xylem material woody core, and sometimes also from the epidermis. Bast fibres are classified as soft fibres, and are flexible. Natural bast fibers growing and processing natural renewable bast fibers for natural fiber composites second annual automotive composites conference sponsored by the automotive and composites divisions of the society of plastics engineers troy, michigan september 12th and th, 2002 by hugh s. Bast fibre synonyms, bast fibre pronunciation, bast fibre translation, english dictionary definition of bast fibre.
Lijun qu1,2 preparation and properties of natural 1,2. Effect of plant growth regulators on the quality of bast. Glass fibres are generally assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic, although stockhorst and brueker 29 have shown a very small preferred orientation through stress optical investigation. Therefore, some properties of the bast fabers related to these aspects become important. Plant fibers are sclerenchymatous cells with heavily lignified cell walls having a narrow lumen in cross section. Different cellulose fibres can be used for textile and technical applications, e. Bast fibre definition of bast fibre by the free dictionary. Retting, process employing the action of bacteria and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and gummy substances surrounding bast fibre bundles, thus facilitating separation of the fibre from the stem. There are a number of ways that one can ret fiber plants pond, stream, field also called dew retting, and snow retting are the nonmodern non chemical methods used most often. The following kinds of bast fibers are distinguished.
This volume presents eight essays documenting the current state of bast and leaf fibre weaving traditions in vietnam, borneo, korea, burma, okinawa, the philippines, japan, and micronesia. A method for separating decorticated bast skin into individual fibres, comprising maintaining decorticated bast skin in a closed container in the presence of at least one enzymatic andor chemical retting agent for a period sufficient for at least a portion of the fibre bundles to separate into individual fibres. The average length of a bast fiber is 12 mm, but primary fibers originating from the. Amongst the bast fibre crops, kenaf apparently has some advantages such as lower cost of production, higher fibre yields, and greater flexibility as an agricultural resource, over the other bast fibres. Review of bast fiber retting, bioresources 64, 52605281. To begin with, bp fibres were successively extracted from bp bast by four different degumming methods, among which the microwaveassisted method exhibited high efficiency. Bast and other plant fibres pdf free download epdf. Shives consist of the woody inner portion of the hemp stalk, broken into pieces and separated from the fiber in the processes of breaking and scutching and correspond to the shives in flax, but are coarser and usually softer in texture. Bast fibers article about bast fibers by the free dictionary. Bast fiber definition of bast fiber by merriamwebster. A number of companies currently are developing manufacturing operations that. To give an idea of the possible amount of bast fiber cells in a fiber crop, the number of individual primary bast fibers in hemp stem was estimated to be 700800 thousand, while the number of secondary fibers in the same plantaround 2. Industrial bast fibers obtained by primary treatment of bast plants are widely used in the textile industry to manufacture yarn. Key stages of fiber development as determinants of bast.
Bast fibre bundles are often several feet long and composed of overlapping cellulose fibres and a cohesive gum, or pectin, which strengthens the stem of the plant. Further the dimensions of each cell in the fibre will change along the length. This survey covers the research on utilization of particular groups of enzymes in these processes. Okra bast fiber obf reinforced thermoset phenol formaldehyde pf resin composites were prepared by compression molding methods. Types, properties and factors affecting breeding and cultivation is an essential guide to a wide range of natural fibres, and highlights key techniques for their improvement. Bp bast were systematically investigated in this paper. Flax bast fibers are extraxylary fibers located along the whole stem. Hurren, xungai wang school of engineering and technology, deakin university, victoria, australia 3217 hamish. Since the use of bast fibres is rapidly increasing e. Bast fibres processing university of the arts london. Bast fibers fibers contained in the stalks of terrestrial seed plants. Europe is making large investments in new harvesting and fiber separation technologies for natural fibers such as flax 8. Targeted pretreatment of hemp bast fibres for optimal.
John summerscales virtual book on bast fibres and their composites. Harvesting, retting, and fiber separation harvesting and fiber processing differ depending on whether the crop is grown for highquality textile fiber, for seed, or for fiber and seed. The results suggest that canola may be an excellent choice for manufacturing of nonwoven fabrics, ecocomposites, apparel or other technical. Fibres from monocotyledonous plants, called leaf fibre, are classified as hard fibres and are stiff. Bast fiber applications for composites fibre alternatives. Optimizing extraction and surface modification of bast fibres for optimal fibre quality. So far no detail study has been carried out for scientific extraction of the fibres from any of these plants and the characteristics of fibre have not been evaluated. The bast fibres form bundles or strands that act as hawsers in the fibrous layer lying beneath the bark of dicotyledenous plants cook, 2001.
Such fibres, usually characterized by fineness and flexibility, are also known as soft fibres, distinguishing them from the coarser, less. Tf textile engineering and fibre science engineering mathematics linear algebra. The walls of bast fibers are markedly and uniformly thickened, often with pronounced stratification, simple pores, and a very narrow cell cavity. Producing lightweight bast fibers from canola biomass for. The earlier studies on bast fibres were directed toyield and quality but acta bot. Textile fibre to fabric processing p r wadje, nonmember this paper is an attempt to provide all basic information related to textile industry in the field of manufacturing, purchasing, promoting, selling and so on. Bast fibre, soft, woody fibre obtained from stems of dicotyledonous plants flowering plants with netveined leaves and used for textiles and cordage. Asia is renowned for the production of fine handwoven cottons and luxurious silks important items of trade for centuries. These fibres are classified into three categories depending on the part of the plant from which they are extracted. Targeted pretreatment of hemp bast fibres for optimal performance in biocomposite materials. A number of companies currently are developing manufacturing operations that utilize alternative fibers for panel products. Characterization and mechanical properties of bast fibre semantic. Bast fiber definition is a strong woody fiber obtained chiefly from the phloem of plants and used especially in cordage, matting, and fabrics.
Bast fibers are extracted from the phloem which located at the stem of the fibrous plant. Process of degumming bast fibers download pdf info publication number us2606094a. Jul 10, 2017 bast fibres are long extraxylary cells which mechanically support the phloem and they are divided into xylan and gelatinoustype, depending on the composition of their secondary cell walls. Dennis, adrian francis k clarke fibrenova limited, victoria, australia 36. Fibres obtained from the various parts of the plants are known as vegetable fibres. The bast fibre can be considered the main product of fibre hemp, whereas it is a byproduct of. This report investigates the ongoing research and development of prolific bast fiber crops noted for the strength of their fiber. Bast fibre also called phloem fibre or skin fibre is plant fibre collected from the phloem the inner bark, sometimes called skin or bast surrounding the stem of certain dicotyledonous plants. Download fulltext pdf bast fiber applications for composites. Pdf there is an increasing demand for natural fibres worldwide due to their renewable and biodegradable. Gross and fine structure of natural fibers like cotton, wool, silk, introduction to important bast fibres. Recent research into plant bast fibre technology points to a neolithic european tradition of working fibres into threads by splicing, rather than draft spinning. Renewable okra bast fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde.
Ijett, september 2017, 61 bibliographic detail from researchgate download not. Bast and other plant fibres other titles in the woodhead publishing limited series on fibres, published in associatio. Retting is the process of allowing microbes, or in the modern day chemicals, to digest the fibers away from the stalk of the plant. Steps in processing bast fibers sues science and history. Bast fibres are also used in the nonwoven, moulding, and composite technology industries for the manufacturing of nonwoven mats and carpets, composite boards as furniture. Transcriptomic profiling of hemp bast fibres at different. Bast and other plant fibres woodhead publishing series in. The overall bast fibre yield was 6 kg dry matter ha1 for hemp, of which 1157 kg dry matter ha1 was. Shives, also known as shoves or boon, are the wooden refuse removed during processing flax, hemp, or jute, as opposed to the fibres. Natural fibres tend to have an ecological advantage as they are renewable and biodegradable. Banana fiber, a lignocellulosic fiber, obtained from the pseudostem of banana plant musa sepientum, is a bast fiber with relatively good mechanical properties. Derakane 782, containing 40 wt% styrene, low profile 2016, modifier e and modifier m.
Bast fibres such as linen, which is the most costly and luxurious within this category, are valued for their exceptional coolness and freshness in hot weather. In order to found better wetting of filler and matrix, obf was treated with naoh. Sep 30, 2004 a method for separating decorticated bast skin into individual fibres. Aitor hernandez michelena, jasper grahamjones, john. Abstractthere is an increasing demand for natural fibres. Light weight, softness and comfort are becoming the development priority for the bast fabrics for apparel use. During harvesting, the plant stalks are cut off close to the base or pulled up. Some of the economically important bast fibres are obtained from herbs cultivated in agriculture, as for instance. Main areas of enzyme application in bast fiber textile industry, according to literature from 20012004 are. Flax is grown both for its seeds and for its fibers. Survey and recent report on enzymatic processing of bast. Comparative physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of certain fibres 4 1.
This paper defines the major types of splicing and proposes an explicit method to observe. J summerscales and c gwinnett, forensic identification of bast fibres, chapter 5. Epidermis, shives, woody core and a combination of. Bast and other plant fibres, a title in woodhead publishings series on fibres published in association with the textile institute. It is a staple fibre though its length 2030 inches is more than the other staple fibres available. It is a bast fibre and fabric made from it is called linen. The oregon study, feasibility of industrial hemp production in the united states pacific northwest, summarizes current information and research on hemp. It was found that noncellulose substances were suffi. Interactive effect of gibberellic acid and npk fertilizer. Bast and other plant fibres woodhead publishing series in textiles r r franck on. Bast fibres are defined as those obtained from the outer cell layers of the stems of various plants.
Bast fibres bast fibres structural features of the pectic polysaccharides isolated from retted hemp bast fibres. Confocal scanning laser microscope cslm image of a. They form a strengthgiving protective layer around the woody central portion of the stem, and are themselves protected by an outermost cuticle which contains waxes and other substances. Digital printing of textiles pdf woodhead publishing series in textiles by h. The actual fibres are located between the epidermis, or bark surface, and an inner woody core. Sustainability and profitability through intelligent value chain management in bast fibre processing. We will give you any of the 2 books from the below list if you fulfill our conditions if you want to download this book, you need to write an unique article about textile related topics. Sustainability and profitability through intelligent value. Matrices and determinants, systems of linear equations, eigen values and eigen vectors.
An important aspect of agriculture is the cultivation of plants for food, fiber, biofuel, medicine and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. Fiber cells are dead at maturity and serve as a support tissue. Banana fiber also finds use in highquality security currency paper, packing cloth for agriculture produce, ships towing ropes, wet drilling cables etc. Bast fibers like jute, flax, hemp and kenaf had been thoroughly investigated by numerous. Bast fibres are generally heterogeneous and anisotropic and thus closer to the structure of carbon and especially aramid fibres. Mar 27, 2018 banana fiber, a lignocellulosic fiber, obtained from the pseudostem of banana plant musa sepientum, is a bast fiber with relatively good mechanical properties. Saifulazry,a and zakiah ahmed b retting is the main challenge faced during the processing of bast plants. In todays market, the cost, quality, and availability of fiber are of utmost importance.
Saifulazry,a and zakiah ahmed b retting is the main challenge faced during the processing of bast plants for the production of long fibre. Bast fibres are processed for use in carpet, yarn, rope, geotextile netting or matting, traditional carpets, hessian or burlap, paper, sacks, etc. Previous studies have shown favourable properties for papaya bast fibres, with a youngs modulus of up to 10 gpa and a tensile strength of up to 100 mpa. Among the main plants used for the supply of bast fibres are flax, jute, hemp, ramie and kenaf. Use of the ofda for determining the fineness distribution. Bast fibers are defined as tightly joint fiber cells in bundles present in plant stems such as. Synthetic fibres often have a petro chemical origin, and can. The properties of composites were studied by mechanical tests, thermal methods and water uptake.
Within the bundle the individual fiber cells end at different points and are slightly twisted around each other, forming a kind of thread. The twovolume handbook of natural fibres is an indispensible tool in understanding the diverse properties and applications of these important materials. Refashioning bast and leaf fibers in asia and the pacific. Ncert books pdf free download for class 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 april 11, 2020 by kishen 16 comments there are many books in the market but. Thea lautenschlager, a, andreas kempe, a christoph neinhuis, a andre wagenfuhr, b and sebastian siwek b. Natural cellulose fibres from broussonetia papyrifera l. Plant fibres for textile and technical applications. In this paper, the properties of bast fibers, including fiber length, fineness, tenacity, softness were tested and evaluated to determine which is better for developing fabrics pleased by the. It supports the conductive cells of the phloem and provides strength to the stem. Total bast fibre content in linseed stem was lower, on average 16. The major issue now is the ability of textile specialists and archaeobotanists to distinguish the technology of splicing from draftspun fibres.
Total bast fibre content in the hemp stem averaged 21. Basic methods include dew retting and water retting. Bast fibres properties university of the arts london. Ncert books pdf download 2020 for class 12, 11, 10, 9, 8.
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